Exploring Developmental Mathematics from Faculty Members’ Perspectives: How Internal and External Dynamics Influence Student Success in a Community College
Keywords:
developmental mathematics, student success
Abstract
Exploring Developmental Mathematics in Community College: Faculty Members’ Perspectives on How Internal and External Dynamics Influence Student Success Abstract Objective: Recent studies have shown that successful completion of developmental mathematics can impact a students' academic achievement and completion of their educational goals. However, few students have examined the internal and external dynamics that can influence a students' level of engagement in developmental mathematics. To identify the internal and external factors that influence students‘ success at developmental mathematics courses at a community college based on the opinions of developmental mathematics instructors, class room observations, and institutional documents. The following research question guided the study: What internal and external dynamics influence student success in developmental mathematics at a community college? Method: We chose to conduct an exploratory case study using qualitative methods of data collection; interviews with developmental mathematics instructors, observations of developmental mathematics classes, and analysis of documents to understand the issue from multiple perspectives. Data were collected from developmental mathematics instructors at a community college located in the northern region of the east coast. Results: Findings indicated that internal dynamics related to the need for changes in institutional policies and guidelines can influence success in mathematics. External dynamics such as secondary schooling practices and local businesses involvement in the curriculum can weaken or strengthen the mathematics pipeline and influence student engagement. Contributions: This study uncovers some of the internal and external dynamics that can influence a students‘ engagement in developmental mathematics and subsequently her/his probability of achieving desired educational outcomes. Therefore, we discuss the importance for institutional leaders and external partners to examine practices that may impede student academic achievement.References
References
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Attewell, P., Lavin, D., Domina, T., & Levey, T. (2006). New evidence on college remediation.
Journal of Higher Education, 27(3), 321-341.
Aycaster, P. N. (2001). Factors impacting success in community college developmental mathematics courses and subsequent courses. Community College Journal of Research and Practice, 25(5-6), 403-416.
Bahr, P. R. (2008). Does mathematics remediation work?: A comparative analysis of academic attainment among community college students. Research in Higher Education, 49, 420-450.
Bailey, T. R., & Alfonso, M. (2005). Paths to persistence. An analysis of research on program
effectiveness at community colleges [Monograph]. Lumina Foundation for Education
New Agenda Series, 6(1). Retrieved from
http://www.luminafoundation.org/publications/PathstoPersistence.pdf
Bailey, T., Jaggers, S. S., & Scott-Clayton, J. (2013). Characterizing the effectiveness of developmental education: A response to recent criticism. New York, NY: Columbia University, Teachers College, Community College Research Center.
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United Kingdom: Sage.
Bragg, D., Eunyoung, K., & Barnett, E. (2006). Creating access and success: Academic pathways reaching underserved students. New Directions for Community Colleges, 135, 5-19. doi: 10.1002/cc.243
Bogdan, R., & Biklen, S. K. (1982). Qualitative research for education: An introduction to theory
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Bowman, N. A., & Bastedo, M. N. (2009). Getting on the front page: Organizational reputation, status signals, and the impact of U.S. News and World Report on Student Decisions. Research in Higher Education, 50(5), 415-436. doi: 10.1007/s11162-009-9129-8
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36
Brothen, T., & Wambach, C. A. (2004). Refocusing developmental education. Journal of Developmental Education, 28, 16-33.
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Dowd, A. (2007). Community colleges as gateways and gatekeepers: Moving beyond the access ―saga‖ toward outcome equity. Harvard Education Review, 77(4), 407-418.
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Fielding, N. G., & Lee, R. M. (1998). Computer analysis and qualitative research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Frankenstein, M. (1990). Incorporating race, gender, and class issues into a critical mathematical literacy curriculum. Journal of Negro Education, 59(3), 336-347.
Gerlaugh, K., Thompson, L., Boylan, H., & Davis, H. (2007). National study of developmental
education II: Baseline data for community colleges. Research in Developmental Education, 20(4), 1-4.
Giroux, H. A. (1981). Ideology, culture, and the process of schooling. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.
Giroux, H. A., & McLaren, P. (1986). Teacher education and the politics of engagement: The case for democratic schooling. Harvard Educational Review, 56(3), 213-238.
Gonzalez, K., Stoner, C., & Jovel, J. (2003). Examining the role of social capital in access to college for Latinas: Toward a college opportunity framework. Journal of Hispanic Higher Education, 2, 146-170.
Green, D. (2006). Historically underserved students: What we know, what we still need to
know. New Directions for Community Colleges, 135, 21-28. doi: 10.1002/cc.244
Grubb, W. N., Worthen, H., Byrd, B., Webb, E., Badway, N., Case, C., et al. (1999). Honored but invisible: An inside look at teaching in community colleges. New York, NY: Routledge.
Hacker, A. (1992). Two nations: Black and White, separate, hostile, unequal. New York, NY:
Ballantine.
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Routledge.
37
Horn, L., & Nevill, S. (2006). Profile of undergraduates in U. S. postsecondary education institutions: 2003-04: With a special analysis of community college students. Washington, DC: U. S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics.
Hinchey, P. (2004). Becoming a critical educator: Defining a classroom identity, designing a
critical pedagogy. New York, NY: Peter Lang Publishing.
Jencks, C. (1998). Racial bias in testing. In C. Jencks & M. Phillips (Eds.), The Black White test score gap (pp. 55-85). Washington, DC: Brookings Institution.
Kincheloe, J. L. (2008). Knowledge and critical pedagogy: An introduction. In J. L. Kincheloe,
& S. R. Steinberg (Eds.), Explorations of educational purpose (pp. 3-25). Dordrecht, London: Springer.
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Ladson-Billings, G. (1998). Just what is critical race theory and what‘s it doing in a nice filed like education? International Journal of Qualitative Studies, 11(1), 7-24.
Lareau, A. (1987). Social class differences in family-school relationships: The importance of cultural capital. American Sociological Association, 60, 73-85.
Lareau, A. (2011). Unequal childhoods: Class, race, and family life. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Levin, J. S. (2001). Globalizing the community college: Strategies for change in the twenty-first
century. New York, NY: Palgrave.
McCabe, R. H. (2003). Yes we can!: A community college guide for developing America‘s
underprepared. Phoenix, AZ: League for Innovation in the Community College.
McCusker, M. (1999). Effective elements of developmental reading and writing programs.
Community College Review, 27, 93-105.
McFate, C., & Olmsted, J. (1999). Assessing student preparation through placement tests.
Journal of Chemical Education, 75, 562-565.
McLaren, P. (2007). Life in schools: An introduction to critical pedagogy in the foundations of
education (5th ed.). Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon.
Medhanie, A. G., Dupuis, D. N., LeBeau, B., Harwell, M. R., & Post, T. R. (2012). The role of the ACCUPLACER mathematics placement test on a student‘s first college mathematics course. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 72, 332-350.
Merriam, S. B. (1998). Qualitative research and case study applications in education. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Merriam, S. B. (2002). Qualitative research in practice: Examples for discussion and analysis.
San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Meritosis, J. P., & Phipps, R. A. (2000). Remedial education in colleges and universities: What‘s really going on? The Review of Higher Education, 24(1), 67-85.
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Sage.
Monchinski, T. (2008). Critical pedagogy and the everyday classroom. In J. L. Kincheloe, & S. R. Steinberg (Eds.), Explorations of educational purpose 3 (pp. 1-37). Springer Science Business Media B.V.
National Center for Education Statistics. (2007). Integrated postsecondary education data system (IPEDS) completion survey [Data file]. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education.
National Center for Education Statistics. (2008). Closer look 2008: Community Colleges. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education. Retrieved from http://nces.ed.gov/programs/coe/analysis/2008-index.asp
38
National Center for Education Statistics. (2011). The condition of education 2011:
Undergraduate enrollment. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education.
Ogbu, J. U. (1990). Minority education in comparative perspective. The Journal of Negro Education, 59(1), 45-57.
Oxborn, S. (1990). Managing and optimizing performance. Retrieved from
https://doi.org/10.1002/pfi.4160290702
Parsad, B., & Lewis, L. (2003). Remedial education at degree-granting postsecondary institutions in fall 2000 (No. NCES 2004-010). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics.
Patton, M. Q. (2002). Qualitative research and evaluation methods (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Roueche, J. E., & Roueche, S. D. (1999). High stakes, high performance: Making remedial
education work. Washington, DC: Community College Press.
Russell, A. B. (1997). Statewide college admission, student preparation, and remediation:
Policies and programs. Denver, CO: State Higher Education Executive Offices.
Saldana, J. (2009). The coding manual for qualitative researchers. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Shaw, K. (2001). Culture and ideology in keeping transfer commitment: Three community colleges. Review of Higher Education, 25(1), 91-114.
Shults, C. (2000). Institutional policies and practices in remedial education: A national study of community colleges (Technical Report). Washington, DC: American Association of Community Colleges.
Silverman, D. (2001). Interpreting qualitative data: Methods for analyzing talk, text and
interaction. London: Sage.
Smittle, P. (2003). Principles of effective teaching. Journal of Developmental Education, 26(3), 1-9.
Walpole, M., Mcdonough, P., Bauer, C., Gibson, C., Kanyi, K., & Toliver, R. (2005). This test is unfair: Urban African American and Latino high school students‘ perceptions of standardized college admission tests. Urban Education, 40, 321-349.
doi: 10.1177/0042085905274536
Weissglass, J. (2001). Racism and the achievement gap [Electronic version]. Education Week, 20(43).
Wolcott, H. F. (1990). Making a study ―more ethnographic‖. Journal of Contemporary Ethnography, 19(1), 44-72.
Yin, R. K. (2009). Case study research: Design and methods (4th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA:
Sage.
Yosso, T. (2005). Whose culture has capital? A critical race theory discussion of community cultural wealth. Race Ethnicity and Education, 8, 69-91.
Adelman, C. (1999). Answers in the toolbox: Academic intensity, attendance patterns, and bachelor‘s degree attainment. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education, Office of Educational Research and Improvement.
Adelman, C. (2004). Principal indicators of student academic histories in postsecondary education, 1972-2000. Washington, DC: Institute of Education Sciences.
American Association of Community Colleges. (2010). Democracy‘s colleges: The evolution of the community college in America. Washington, DC: American Association of Community Colleges.
American College Testing. (2011). College readiness benchmarks by subject. Retrieved from http://www.act.org/research/policymakers/cccr11/readiness1.html
American Association of Community Colleges. (2007). College learning for the new global century: A report from the national leadership council for liberal education and America‘s promise. Washington, DC: American Association of Community Colleges.
Armstrong, W. B. (2000). The association among student success in courses, placement test scores, student background data, and instructor grading practices. Community College Journal of Research and Practice, 24(8), 681-695.
Attewell, P., Lavin, D., Domina, T., & Levey, T. (2006). New evidence on college remediation.
Journal of Higher Education, 27(3), 321-341.
Aycaster, P. N. (2001). Factors impacting success in community college developmental mathematics courses and subsequent courses. Community College Journal of Research and Practice, 25(5-6), 403-416.
Bahr, P. R. (2008). Does mathematics remediation work?: A comparative analysis of academic attainment among community college students. Research in Higher Education, 49, 420-450.
Bailey, T. R., & Alfonso, M. (2005). Paths to persistence. An analysis of research on program
effectiveness at community colleges [Monograph]. Lumina Foundation for Education
New Agenda Series, 6(1). Retrieved from
http://www.luminafoundation.org/publications/PathstoPersistence.pdf
Bailey, T., Jaggers, S. S., & Scott-Clayton, J. (2013). Characterizing the effectiveness of developmental education: A response to recent criticism. New York, NY: Columbia University, Teachers College, Community College Research Center.
Bell, D. A. (1980). Race, racism, and American law. Boston: Brown Little Publishing Bourdieau, P., & Passeron, J. (1977). Reproduction in education, society and culture. London,
United Kingdom: Sage.
Bragg, D., Eunyoung, K., & Barnett, E. (2006). Creating access and success: Academic pathways reaching underserved students. New Directions for Community Colleges, 135, 5-19. doi: 10.1002/cc.243
Bogdan, R., & Biklen, S. K. (1982). Qualitative research for education: An introduction to theory
and methods. Boston: Allyn and Bacon. Chicago.
Theoharis, G., & Brooks, J.S. (Eds.). (2012). What every principal needs to know to create equitable and excellent schools. New York, NY: Teachers College Press.
Bowman, N. A., & Bastedo, M. N. (2009). Getting on the front page: Organizational reputation, status signals, and the impact of U.S. News and World Report on Student Decisions. Research in Higher Education, 50(5), 415-436. doi: 10.1007/s11162-009-9129-8
Boylan, H. R., Bonham, B. S., & White, S. R. (1999). Developmental and remedial education in postsecondary education. New Directions for Higher Education, 108, 87-101.
Boylan, H. R., & Saxon, D. P. (1998). An evaluation of developmental education in Texas colleges and universities. Austin, TX: Texas Higher Education Coordinating Board.
36
Brothen, T., & Wambach, C. A. (2004). Refocusing developmental education. Journal of Developmental Education, 28, 16-33.
Byrd, K., & Macdonald, G. (2005). Defining college readiness from the inside out: First-generation college student perspectives. Community College Review, 33, 22-37.
Claxton, C. S. (1994). Learning styles and instructional development. Paper presented at the Kellogg Institute for the Training and Certification of Developmental Educators. Boone, NC: Appalachian State University.
Conley, D. T. (2008). Rethinking college readiness. New Directions for Higher Education, 144, 3-13. doi: 10.1002/he.321
Creswell, J. W. (2007). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five
approaches. (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Dembo, M. H., & Jakubowski, T. G. (1999, April). Outcomes of a learning to learn course: Implications for future research. Paper presented at the meeting of the American Educational Research Association. Montreal, Quebec.
Ding, C., Jalbert, T., & Landry, S. P. (2007). The relationship between university rankings and outcomes measurement. College Teaching Methods & Styles Journal, 3(2), 1-10.
Dowd, A. (2007). Community colleges as gateways and gatekeepers: Moving beyond the access ―saga‖ toward outcome equity. Harvard Education Review, 77(4), 407-418.
Duran, R. (1994). Hispanic student achievement. In M. J. Justiz, R. Wilson, & L. G. Bjork (Eds.), Minorities in higher education: American Council on Education/Oryx Series on Higher Education (pp. 151-172). Phoenix, AZ: Oryx Press.
Ely, R. J., & Thomas, D. A. (2001). Cultural diversity at work: The effects of diversity perspectives on work group processes and outcomes. Administrative Science Quarterly, 46(2), 229-273.
Fielding, N. G., & Lee, R. M. (1998). Computer analysis and qualitative research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Frankenstein, M. (1990). Incorporating race, gender, and class issues into a critical mathematical literacy curriculum. Journal of Negro Education, 59(3), 336-347.
Gerlaugh, K., Thompson, L., Boylan, H., & Davis, H. (2007). National study of developmental
education II: Baseline data for community colleges. Research in Developmental Education, 20(4), 1-4.
Giroux, H. A. (1981). Ideology, culture, and the process of schooling. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.
Giroux, H. A., & McLaren, P. (1986). Teacher education and the politics of engagement: The case for democratic schooling. Harvard Educational Review, 56(3), 213-238.
Gonzalez, K., Stoner, C., & Jovel, J. (2003). Examining the role of social capital in access to college for Latinas: Toward a college opportunity framework. Journal of Hispanic Higher Education, 2, 146-170.
Green, D. (2006). Historically underserved students: What we know, what we still need to
know. New Directions for Community Colleges, 135, 21-28. doi: 10.1002/cc.244
Grubb, W. N., Worthen, H., Byrd, B., Webb, E., Badway, N., Case, C., et al. (1999). Honored but invisible: An inside look at teaching in community colleges. New York, NY: Routledge.
Hacker, A. (1992). Two nations: Black and White, separate, hostile, unequal. New York, NY:
Ballantine.
hooks, b. (1994). Teaching to transgress: Education as the practice of freedom. New York, NY:
Routledge.
37
Horn, L., & Nevill, S. (2006). Profile of undergraduates in U. S. postsecondary education institutions: 2003-04: With a special analysis of community college students. Washington, DC: U. S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics.
Hinchey, P. (2004). Becoming a critical educator: Defining a classroom identity, designing a
critical pedagogy. New York, NY: Peter Lang Publishing.
Jencks, C. (1998). Racial bias in testing. In C. Jencks & M. Phillips (Eds.), The Black White test score gap (pp. 55-85). Washington, DC: Brookings Institution.
Kincheloe, J. L. (2008). Knowledge and critical pedagogy: An introduction. In J. L. Kincheloe,
& S. R. Steinberg (Eds.), Explorations of educational purpose (pp. 3-25). Dordrecht, London: Springer.
KnowledgeWorks Foundation. (2007). High school initiatives: The Ohio high school transformation initiative: Why you should care. Retrieved from http://www.kwfdn.org/high_schools/ohsti/why.
Ladson-Billings, G. (1998). Just what is critical race theory and what‘s it doing in a nice filed like education? International Journal of Qualitative Studies, 11(1), 7-24.
Lareau, A. (1987). Social class differences in family-school relationships: The importance of cultural capital. American Sociological Association, 60, 73-85.
Lareau, A. (2011). Unequal childhoods: Class, race, and family life. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Levin, J. S. (2001). Globalizing the community college: Strategies for change in the twenty-first
century. New York, NY: Palgrave.
McCabe, R. H. (2003). Yes we can!: A community college guide for developing America‘s
underprepared. Phoenix, AZ: League for Innovation in the Community College.
McCusker, M. (1999). Effective elements of developmental reading and writing programs.
Community College Review, 27, 93-105.
McFate, C., & Olmsted, J. (1999). Assessing student preparation through placement tests.
Journal of Chemical Education, 75, 562-565.
McLaren, P. (2007). Life in schools: An introduction to critical pedagogy in the foundations of
education (5th ed.). Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon.
Medhanie, A. G., Dupuis, D. N., LeBeau, B., Harwell, M. R., & Post, T. R. (2012). The role of the ACCUPLACER mathematics placement test on a student‘s first college mathematics course. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 72, 332-350.
Merriam, S. B. (1998). Qualitative research and case study applications in education. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Merriam, S. B. (2002). Qualitative research in practice: Examples for discussion and analysis.
San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Meritosis, J. P., & Phipps, R. A. (2000). Remedial education in colleges and universities: What‘s really going on? The Review of Higher Education, 24(1), 67-85.
Miles, M. B., & Huberman, A. M. (1994). Qualitative data analysis: An expanded sourcebook.
Sage.
Monchinski, T. (2008). Critical pedagogy and the everyday classroom. In J. L. Kincheloe, & S. R. Steinberg (Eds.), Explorations of educational purpose 3 (pp. 1-37). Springer Science Business Media B.V.
National Center for Education Statistics. (2007). Integrated postsecondary education data system (IPEDS) completion survey [Data file]. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education.
National Center for Education Statistics. (2008). Closer look 2008: Community Colleges. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education. Retrieved from http://nces.ed.gov/programs/coe/analysis/2008-index.asp
38
National Center for Education Statistics. (2011). The condition of education 2011:
Undergraduate enrollment. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education.
Ogbu, J. U. (1990). Minority education in comparative perspective. The Journal of Negro Education, 59(1), 45-57.
Oxborn, S. (1990). Managing and optimizing performance. Retrieved from
https://doi.org/10.1002/pfi.4160290702
Parsad, B., & Lewis, L. (2003). Remedial education at degree-granting postsecondary institutions in fall 2000 (No. NCES 2004-010). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics.
Patton, M. Q. (2002). Qualitative research and evaluation methods (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Roueche, J. E., & Roueche, S. D. (1999). High stakes, high performance: Making remedial
education work. Washington, DC: Community College Press.
Russell, A. B. (1997). Statewide college admission, student preparation, and remediation:
Policies and programs. Denver, CO: State Higher Education Executive Offices.
Saldana, J. (2009). The coding manual for qualitative researchers. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Shaw, K. (2001). Culture and ideology in keeping transfer commitment: Three community colleges. Review of Higher Education, 25(1), 91-114.
Shults, C. (2000). Institutional policies and practices in remedial education: A national study of community colleges (Technical Report). Washington, DC: American Association of Community Colleges.
Silverman, D. (2001). Interpreting qualitative data: Methods for analyzing talk, text and
interaction. London: Sage.
Smittle, P. (2003). Principles of effective teaching. Journal of Developmental Education, 26(3), 1-9.
Walpole, M., Mcdonough, P., Bauer, C., Gibson, C., Kanyi, K., & Toliver, R. (2005). This test is unfair: Urban African American and Latino high school students‘ perceptions of standardized college admission tests. Urban Education, 40, 321-349.
doi: 10.1177/0042085905274536
Weissglass, J. (2001). Racism and the achievement gap [Electronic version]. Education Week, 20(43).
Wolcott, H. F. (1990). Making a study ―more ethnographic‖. Journal of Contemporary Ethnography, 19(1), 44-72.
Yin, R. K. (2009). Case study research: Design and methods (4th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA:
Sage.
Yosso, T. (2005). Whose culture has capital? A critical race theory discussion of community cultural wealth. Race Ethnicity and Education, 8, 69-91.
Published
2018-12-27
Section
Articles
Copyright (c) 2018 Asia Pacific Journal of Social and Behavioral Sciences
Copyright holder is the Bukidnon State University.
